Judicial activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal activism - Essay Example In Roper v. Simmons, a multi year old by the name of Simmons admitted that he plotted the homicide and robbery of a more established lady. This case put the inquiry under the watchful eye of the Courts regarding whether an individual more youthful than eighteen years of age ought to be rebuffed with capital punishment when sentenced for wrongdoings that would normally commanded the death penalty. The multi year old was initially condemned to death for his wrongdoings. This choice was later upset by the Missouri Supreme Court and the respondent's sentence was changed over to life detainment. The Missouri Supreme Court expressed that despite the fact that there were cases that represented that there was a point of reference set that took into consideration the death penalty for those people younger than eighteen, that a 'national agreement has created against the execution of adolescent offenders'(2005). This case has since been heard by the United States Supreme Courts. Legal activism and limitation are ideas that can be promptly seen in the Roper v. Simmons situation when it was chosen by the Supreme Court in March 2005. The larger part conclusion tended to both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments while considering the certification of the Missouri Supreme Court choice. ... Per the court's conclusion, neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment forbids the utilization of capital punishment for either people that are younger than eighteen or that are regarded intellectually hindered. The Court's greater part expresses that twenty-two of thirty-seven capital punishment states grant capital punishment for the wrongdoers that are sixteen years of age. A similar thirty-seven states allowed capital punishment for those guilty parties that were seventeen years of age. The Court went further to express that such figures are not characteristic of a country that is moving towards an agreement against the death penalty for those guilty parties that are under eighteen years old. Two legal disputes were reliably referenced in the assessment: Stanford v. Kentucky 492 U.S. 361 (1989) and Atkins v. Virginia 536 U.S. 304(2002). Stanford and Atkins address the two issues of the death penalty for adolescent guilty parties and the intellectually hindered. These two cas es concluded that it was not wrong to use capital punishment for those more youthful than age eighteen or intellectually impeded, individually. Normally, legal limitation would have permitted the Supreme Court to topple the Missouri Courts administering dependent on points of reference and existing laws. Be that as it may, the lion's share sentiment took its audit of the current laws by deciphering the expectation of the laws and how they identified with the aim of the Constitutional Amendments. The dominant part assessment expressed that despite the fact that capital punishment for young people and the intellectually impeded were not precluded, they were infrequently utilized as techniques for discipline. Much of the time, the Court noticed that remittances were made for adolescents that had carried out deplorable violations since it was and is perceived that these people have

Ethics of Psychoanalysis - Lacan’s Antigone and the Ethics of Interpretation :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Morals of Psychoanalysis - Lacan’s Antigone and the Ethics of Interpretation My paper inspects Lacan’s perusing of the Antigone as our very own purposeful anecdote printed and moral commitments as perusers and pundits. This paper tends to both the morals and the style of our experience with the content. In 1959, Lacan introduced Sophocles’ Antigone as a model of unadulterated want for his course on The Ethics of Psychoanalysis: Antigone introduces herself as autonomos, the straightforward as can be relationship of an individual to that which it wonderfully ends up conveying, that is the crack of implication, that which allows an individual the insuperable intensity of beingâ€in hate of and against everythingâ€what he [sic] is. . . . Antigone everything except satisfies what can be called unadulterated want, the straightforward as can be want of death as such [i.e., of that which is past the joy principle]. She embodies this longing. (1986: 328-29) Lacan takes note of that Antigone’s choice to resist Creon deliberately looks for death. She puts forth no attempt to guard Polynices’ activities (Lacan 1986: 290, 323-25). Her decision takes her past the domain of reasonable talk and the aggregate standards of human fulfillment it infers (Lacan 1986: 78, 281; Zizek 1991: 25). Hers is a place that rises above the agreeable twofold resistances that structure our day by day moral and public activities. Since her decision of death can't be comprehended by carefully objective standards, she can't be perused as speaking to some basic absolute opposite of opportunity to oppression, or the person to the state (Lacan 1986: 281; Zizek 1992: 77-78). Truth be told, as she recognizes, she had picked passing before Creon’s order against the internment of Polynices, and she characterizes herself to Ismene as one previously having a place with the domain of the dead (ll. 559-60; Lacan 1986: 315, 326). Creon isn't a despot who p owers Antigone to settle on an inconceivable decision among life and opportunity; rather, he typifies the urban standards that her quest for a craving past the limits of those wants enunciated inside the domain of regular life both requires as characterizing foil, and rises above. Her decision along these lines speaks to an unadulterated moral act molded neither by a self-intrigued choice among collectively perceived merchandise nor the self-hatred of fitting in with a code that is perceived and loathed (Zizek 1992: 77). Such a moral decision, as Lacan recognizes, is Kantian in its dedication to an unadulterated idea of obligation, however psychoanalytic in its predication on an exceptionally individualized want whose substance can't be summed up into a widespread moral saying (Lacan 1986: 68, 365-66).

IAP, and trivia answers

IAP, and trivia answers Tomorrow is the beginning of MITs Independent Activities Period (IAP)! IAP is one of the most fun times of the year. It is a time where students have lots of freedom and unique opportunities. Some students will do an externship, some will learn a language, some will do research, some will build a Stirling Engine, among the many options. A couple IAP events tomorrow catch my eye. They are: The History of the Universe in One Hour With a cosmic flight simulator, well take a scenic journey through space and time. After exploring our local Galactic neighborhood, well travel 13.7 billion years back to explore the Big Bang itself and how state-of-the-art measurements are transforming our understanding of our cosmic origin and ultimate fate. If you have questions about dark matter, dark energy, black holes, parallel universes or other things cosmological, this will be a great opportunity to ask them! HIV/AIDS in Africa: An Open Dialog About the Needs in Developing African Nations and the Role of MIT Students The resources needed to adequately respond to the health issues in Africa range from financial assistance and personnel to IT infrastructure and training. We would like to conduct one or a series of on campus seminars during IAP presenting the health and human rights issues as they stand now in Africa, what is being done to change them and what role students (in particular MIT students) can play. We would hope this would be more of a dialogue than a lecture with students taking an active part in the discussion. Ill try to note some of the more interesting events as IAP progresses. Also, I asked in a recent entry two trivia questions about early action. Here are the answers: 1. In order, what were the five most popular home states for admitted students? CaliforniaMassachusettsNew YorkTexasFlorida 2. What was the most popular male name and the most popular female name of students admitted early? Daniel (9)Stephanie (6) Happy IAP!

Importance Of Special Education - 819 Words

Schools are important for the education of children with respect to their social, emotional and mental development. The class provides an avenue where students can learn several items ranging from managing their emotions, being focused, easily following the given directions and establishing relations with their fellow peers and even the adults. With the increasing number of students and all other factors constant, schools have failed in effectively deal with students who require special education. The special education teachers often have low expectations in their children as the supporting initiatives often are less. The conditions and behaviors of students are important for their performance and their social interactions now or in their†¦show more content†¦They will feel shy to socialize and even will not be able to read as other students. The induction process should be rapid to realize this and ensure that the students are first taught on how to read and write. A common language of communication should be adopted and those having difficulties should be assisted. Most likely the students may be suffering from nutritional deficits or other hunger related problems. The concentration levels will be low if the students are hungry and have psychological problems crisscrossing their minds. Poverty situation may results in exposure of the students to different conditions which may mentally affect them. The schools thus need to be proactive in reaching out to such students and maybe assist them where possible so as to bring their minds to class and maybe improve their performance in order to safeguard their future (Baker 2006). Parents have left their students at the hands of the teachers and may not be keen on their students’ progress and performance. Most of the students’ emotional distress is as a result of the daily happenings at home and how they relate with their children. The poverty conditions of the children make the children vulnerable to the lack of the basic minimum requirements for school (Farber 1999). The teachers should be proactive in appreciating the development of young students and have the might to ascertain the real issues of behavior and practices which cannot be tolerated among the students.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Special Education894 Words   |  4 PagesFrom personal experience, I did not receive any type of special education but my little cousin, Jonathan, receives services that benefit his education. Before being considered for evaluation, his mother started noticing that he constantly struggled to learn in Pre-K, Kindergarten, and First grade. It was not until First grade she became very concerned and decided to meet with his teacher, in which they both discussed his school progress and grades. After much consideration, my aunt decided to writeRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education For Special Services977 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world, and they need to go through a process to help make them the best that they can be. In Special Education there is a 10 step process that is put in place to make sure that students that need that extra help can receive it and have the opportunity to become their best self. The process covers from the beginning of the process which includes identifying if a child qualifies for special education or related services to the end of the process which is the student being evaluated. The processRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Education Teacher Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesI choose to be a special education teacher for a few reasons. I have grown up with a learning difference, and I know how it feels to be struggling in school. I want to give back to the community that has given me a lot of confidence in life. I enjoy being in a classroom and learning. I love the structure of how a school day runs and how it does not change much. A major in special education is my dream job. The ability to work with children of all special education settings is an amazing experienceRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Education Classroom985 Words   |  4 PagesMy first day observing in a Special Education classroom I was introduced to a senior who recently suffered from a Traumatic Brain Injury. When I was talking with her she seems as â€Å"normal† as you or I must have back in our high school days. While we chatted away I asked her what exactly happened and she told me, she was swinging and cracked her head wide open and one thing lead to another all of a sudden she found herself diagnosed with a severe brain injury. Like I said talking to her and watchingRead MoreThe Importance Of Inclusion For Special Education1154 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Idol (2006) (p.77), â€Å"inclusion is when a student with special learning and/or behavioral needs is educated full time in the general education program. The stud ent with special education needs is attending the general school program, enrolled in age-appropriate classes 100% of the school day† (Idol, 1997, p.4). By enforcing inclusion, special education students are brought out of isolation and placed back into the general education classroom among their peers. This prepares the students forRead MoreThe Importance Of A Special Education Teacher Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesDave went through to get to where he did. He had to jump through many hoops to get through college. This made me think about my own experiences when I came to Wilmington College myself. When I first came to the college my focus was to become a special education teacher, but that did not happen. I had to change my whole path and go into social work. Which bothered me in the begging, but once I thought about it for a while and really started to get into the material I knew it was what I was meant to doRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education For Students With D isabilities899 Words   |  4 PagesSpecial education is considered to be a relatively new field within education, with true recognition of student’s disabilities occurring around the 1900’s (Frost Kersten, 2011). Up until that time, students with disabilities were viewed with superstition and fear. As the public became more passionate about students with disabilities and with the passage of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the stage was set for providing equal opportunities for education of all children. Additional courtRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education Curriculum And Instruction Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesKnowledge of Special Education Curriculum and Instruction In this section I will discuss how the principal’s knowledge of special education curriculum and instruction can influence the instructional leadership of the school. When the principal is knowledgeable in special education curriculum and instruction, he/she can provide more thorough understanding to regular education teachers who are striving to provide adequate accommodations. For example, our principal asked the lead special education teacherRead MoreThe Importance Of Education For Children With Special Needs Essay2395 Words   |  10 Pages Education is an important tool that is provided for young children to use in order to prepare themselves for their future, and this opportunity should be done so with the upmost respect and in the best interest of that child. When discussing education for a child, depending on that students needs there are two options, general education or special education. There are many different discussions occurring regarding if a child with spe cial needs should be in a school that allows inclusion. I argueRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education Referral Process769 Words   |  4 Pagesqualifies for special education. Many people are involved in the referral process, some of which include the parents of the child, the general education teacher, and the special education teacher. The ultimate goal is to make sure the student is receiving the best accommodations and modifications to be successful in the classroom. As long as this is kept at the forefront of all the parties involved, the child will achieve in school. Every school has a plan in place about how their special education referral

A Review of Software Tools for Quantitative Data Analysis

If youre a  sociology student or budding social scientist and have started to work with quantitative (statistical) data, analytic software will be very useful. These programs force researchers to organize and clean their data and offer pre-programmed commands that allow everything from very basic to quite advanced forms of statistical analysis. They even offer useful visualizations that will be useful as you seek to interpret data, and that you may wish to use when presenting it to others. There are many programs on the market that are quite expensive. The good news for students and faculty is that most universities have licenses for at least one program students and professors can use. Also, most programs offer a free, pared-down version of the full software package which will often suffice. Heres a review of the three main programs that quantitative social scientists use. Statistical Package for  Social Science (SPSS) SPSS is the most popular quantitative analysis software program used by social scientists. Made and sold by IBM, it is comprehensive, flexible, and can be used with almost any type of data file. However, it is especially useful for analyzing large-scale survey data. It can be used to generate tabulated reports, charts, and plots of distributions and trends, as well as generate descriptive statistics such as means, medians, modes and frequencies in addition to more complex statistical analyses like regression models. SPSS provides a user interface that makes it easy and intuitive for all levels of users. With menus and dialogue boxes, you can perform analyses without having to write command syntax, like in other programs. It is also simple and easy to enter and edit data directly into the program. There are a few drawbacks, however, which might not make it the best program for some researchers. For example, there is a limit on the number of cases you can analyze. It is also difficult to account for weights, strata and group effects with SPSS. STATA STATA is an interactive data analysis program that runs on a variety of platforms. It can be used for both simple and complex statistical analyses. STATA uses a point-and-click interface as well as command syntax, which makes it easy to use. STATA also makes it simple to generate graphs and plots of data and results. Analysis in STATA is centered around four windows: command windowreview windowresult windowvariable window Analysis commands are entered into the command window and the review window records those commands. The variables window lists the variables that are available in the current data set along with the variable labels, and the results appear in the results window. SAS SAS, short for Statistical Analysis System, is also used by many businesses. In addition to statistical analysis, it also allows programmers to perform report writing, graphics, business planning, forecasting, quality improvement, project management and more. SAS is a great program for the intermediate and advanced user because it is very powerful; it can be used with extremely large datasets and can perform complex and advanced analyses. SAS is good for analyses that require you to take into account weights, strata, or groups. Unlike SPSS and STATA, SAS is run largely by programming syntax rather than point-and-click menus, so some knowledge of the programming language is required. Other Programs Other programs popular with sociologists include: R: Free to download and use. You can add your own programs to it if you are familiar with statistics and programming.NVio: It helps researchers organize and analyze complex non-numerical or unstructured data, both text and multimedia, according to UCLA Library.MATLAB: Provides Simulations, Multidimensional Data, Image and Signal Processing, according to NYU Libraries.

Indiana High School Math Teaching Free Essays

â€Å"The dream begins with a teacher who believes in you, who tugs and pushes and leads you to the next plateau, sometimes poking you with a sharp stick called â€Å"truth. â€Å"† ~Dan Rather This research paper was written to educate you and myself on various topics on becoming a high school math teacher. I enrolled at Ashford University to complete my Bachelor’s Degree in order to enter the transition to teaching program. We will write a custom essay sample on Indiana High School Math Teaching or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper has allowed me to acquire pertinent and vital information about my future career choice. My research was done on the status of high school math teachers, as well as students, in Indiana. This paper will educate you on Indiana’s High School mathematics graduation requirements, percentage of math students passing these requirements, teachers’ salaries, and the effect that a minority teacher should have on minority students. To graduate High school in Indiana a student must complete the Core 40 requirements set by the state. These requirements were implemented in 2006. There are four different diplomas that a high school student in the state of Indiana could receive upon completing the Core 40 requirements: General, Core 40, Core 40 with Academic Honors, and Core 40 with Technical Honors (Indiana Core 40, 2006). Even after completing the courses required for the Core 40 High School students in the state of Indiana must pass an exam to â€Å"qualify† for graduation. This exam is referred to as the GQE (Indiana Core 40, 2006 ). Indiana has added a few nice provisions to this legislation to help out students who may simply not be good test takers, or for those who are ready to work and do not need the required math skills for their work. These provisions, which are found on the Indiana Department of Education website, are referred to as the â€Å"Evidence-based waiver† and the â€Å"Work readiness waiver. The evidence-based waiver is for those students who excel in the classroom, but have a hard time with tests. This provision, among other things, allows teachers to confirm that the student knows what has been taught in class and that they have kept up their attendance as well. The work readiness waiver is for those students who have completed the Core 40 coursework as well as a completed a Career Exploration Internship. This simply means that the student has done the work that was required of them and that they are, in fact, ready to enter the workforce even though they may not have passed the GQE. Both provisions have provided students additional opportunities to complete their Indiana High School Math requirements. After learning about the requirements to pass math in the state of Indiana I wanted to take a look at the percentage of passing students to see if the percentage had improved since the Core 40 and GQE was put in place. Since there had been a curriculum change put into place, I wanted to see if the students were being positively affected by this change. Although I could not find the passing percentage for 12th graders, which is what I wanted to evaluate, I was able to find the percentage of 10th graders that passed from 2006-2009. I found that there was a quite a jump in the percentage of passing students from the year ’06-’07 to the year ’07-’08; it went from 66% to 72% (Annual Performance Report , 2009). However, the following year the same increased percentage did not occur. Instead the Indiana 10th grade percentage of students passing their GQE went down two percentage points. The numbers for the ’09-’10 year in Indiana have not yet been released, but I hope to find that these percentages were on the rise and did not follow suit from the previous year. Based on these statistics I am unable to see the impact that the Core 40 was designed to have on Indiana’s High School math students. The new legislation has only been in place for a few years, so there is still time for this to have a positive effect on the students and their graduation rates. Looking at these statistics raised a question for me, â€Å"How do you measure a teacher’s worth? Well, based on some research I can tell you that the average high school teacher’s salary has been on a steady incline. Within the last 35 years the average public school teacher’s salary has went from $11,165 for the school year of 1974-1975 to $50,488 for the school year of 2009-2010(Teacher Salary, 2007). The increases in wages have been well over the national inflation rate also. As a future teacher this research shows me that the state is recognizing the hard work that its teachers are putting nto their students and the government is trying to retain quality teachers. The monetary compensation is one valuable form of measuring a teacher worth, but there’s still the intangibles of the career and that is community worth. I have found through conversations with family and friends who are educators, no one teaches for the money. However, it is reassuring to see that I will be able to have a career that I am happy with and be able to support my family at the same time. I was drawn to this research topic because of my background and love for coaching. As a coach you are a teacher, counselor, and father. As a minority I believe I will be able to relate to my Afro-American students better. In my experiences I have found it easier to relate to students of the same ethnicity or socioeconomic backgrounds. Bandura states that learning may occur as a result of watching someone else perform some action and experience reinforcement or punishment (Boyd and Bee, 2006). I served as a role model for my student athletes by showing them various life decisions and how to make the correct choices when they arouse. As a male I have been a father figure to a lot of young males. My advice has been used as education for life situations and life skills. I saw the self efficacy as a huge challenge in many young and economically challenged Afro-American males and females. Bandura defines self efficacy as the belief in one’s ability to perform some action or to control one’s behavior or environment, to reach some goal or to make something happen ( Boyd and Bee, 2006). Many students had the attitude that they couldn’t overcome the obstacles that life had placed in front of them. Many social problems that the students faced were looked at as obstacles that were to hard overcome. I was able to help one particular student with a life altering experience and persuade him to not give up on his dreams. This young man had the opportunity to obtain a full athletic scholarship to a division one school for football, however numerous obstacles surrounded this young athlete, but none were greater than his lack of mathematical aptitude. I realized with working with this student that all of my social and ethical skills teaching wouldn’t benefit him if he couldn’t not pass his mathematical requirements to graduate high school and also pass college entrance exams. I hope that someday I will be in this situation again and I will be able to help other student’s overcome what many people see as an adversity. The adversity I am speaking of is being able to complete their math requirements so that they may receive their high school diploma. One of the main reasons I have decided to become an educator is to help young students’ poor outlook on their futures. As a teacher I will receive tremendous gratification watching a student reach his or her full potential. Watching students that never believed in themselves enough to graduate walk across the stage during graduation and listen to the speaker announce their future plans to attend a university or college is something that cannot be matched. The social impact of this job is immeasurable and the joy that I will receive from the profession will last a life time. In conclusion, as a minority high school teacher I should be able to model correct life skills and teach proficient math skills to my students that will create a greater sense of self efficacy in them. After researching Indiana’s High School mathematic graduation requirements, the percentage of students passing math requirements, and teachers’ salaries, I have found that I will be teaching in a state that has transformed its educational curriculum and requirements to produce more societal ready students, whether they join the workforce or the campus. I will also be working for a state that has a proven track record of monetarily backing its educators and keeping them out of poverty. With any luck the salaries will continue to rise with the educational requirements of the students that we must prepare for the future. Lastly, I will have a career that will keep this great nation strong and also provide me with a great sense of community pride. How to cite Indiana High School Math Teaching, Essay examples

Evolution of Computing Technology Service Architecture

Question: Describe about the Report for Evolution of Computing Technology of Service Architecture. Answer: Introduction The evolution of computing technology over the last decade has given rise to cloud computing which offers immense potential in providing IT as a service. Cloud computing corresponds to a fundamental change in terms of how IT services are provisioned, deployed, scaled, updated and maintained while keeping costs down. Cloud services are available as Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), Platform as a service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) and other models. Cloud deployments come in three major models namely private cloud, public cloud and hybrid clouds. The resources and services can be availed by a business company from a cloud service provider (CSP) on pay-per-usage basis (Marston, Li, Bandyopadhyay, Zhang, Ghalsasi, 2011). This implies the business company will incur only operating costs for the service used. For example, if storage space of 2 GB is used, the company will pay for the amount of storage utilized in the cloud infrastructure. Business perspectives of cloud services As organizations undergo expansion, there is more dependency on IT which is viewed as a business enabler because latest technologies have the capabilities to provide strategic directions for business growth and profits. However, investing in technology will force organizations to incur high capital costs in deploying hardware, software and maintenance. In addition to capital costs, the business company also has to incur operating costs for maintaining their internal infrastructure (Roehrig, 2009). In order to overcome these issues CSP providers offer platforms, infrastructure (servers, network, storage, etc.) and software services which can be availed from CSPs. All these cloud features can benefit the organization to have access to latest technology, incur only operating costs and focus more on business outcomes. From the business perspective cloud computing helps organizations (Aljabre, 2012) in the following ways: Cost benefit: Cloud does not incur capital expenditure the company will spend money only for cloud services which is very less compared to deploying and maintaining an internal infrastructure. IT is flexible and continuously available: Cloud services allow users to access from any device which has internet connectivity. Resources and applications in cloud systems can be accessed from any browser software (IE, FireFox, etc.). Therefore flexibility and mobility are important benefits that allow business people to have access to company data while travelling. Easy maintenance and upgrades: The entire cloud infrastructure (servers, storage, network bandwidth, software, etc.) are maintained by the CSP. This is another cost saving for the organization. Further, any software upgrades, etc. are done instantly to affect all users automatically since all the software and data are centralized in the cloud. Improved Security: Ensuring security is also the responsibility of CSP. CSPs offer good in-depth security in their data centers. The business company may not have any concerns related to data loss or virus attacks and other forms of threat. Cloud services ensure business continuity because IT is available to all users I the company at all times. The CSP makes adequate measure to ensure data is available to the organizations at all times, even during a disruption. Conclusion The report covers cloud service models and the role played by cloud computing in a business organization. Clouds offer many benefits with potential to reduce IT costs for the organization. Business organizations can always consider availing cloud services to take care of their entire IT needs. 2. ABC Payrolls is a fictitious company who has locally hosted its payroll application for their customers (mostly small businesses, sole traders and individuals). You are required to prepare a report on the benefits and challenges for ABC Payrolls to migrate to a SaaS provider. Your report must be 500-700 words length. ABC Payrolls is a company providing payroll services to many small businesses and traders. Their payroll software is a web based database application which is hosted within their on-premise servers to provide payroll processing and reporting to various clients. The responsibility of maintaining the entire IT operations lies with this company. The company faces multiple challenges in providing payroll services to their clients. The challenges are: High cost of IT maintenance. The money spent for maintaining hardware, software, services and personnel is high. During hardware upgrades or modifications to the software the company has to stop their services for clients. Their clients often see this as a disruption. ABC Payrolls incurs high cost for hardware upgrades. In situations, when more clients are added to their database, there is a need for additional hardware. The additional hardware purchased becomes redundant soon when clients leave or their volume reduces. This is another issue of scalability. Application, user security, data availability, off-site storage, etc. are other constant challenges faced by ABC Payrolls. In order to improve their payroll services, ABC Payrolls can consider moving their database software and applications to SaaS cloud model which promises to overcome all these challenges along with additional benefits. SaaS cloud delivers software and application as a service over the internet to any user anywhere from a centralized location. This feature can benefit ABC Payrolls because the SaaS cloud model offers continuous availability of payroll software to multiple clients. By moving the payroll software to SaaS, ABC Payrolls can have the following benefits: The payroll software and database is available to all clients at all times. Multiple device support is also available. Connectivity issues are overcome, since SaaS cloud provider will take care of necessary, network and bandwidth issues. The company can focus more on effective services to clients. In cloud models, data control, security and data protection along with compliance to government regulations are maintained (ENISA, 2009). ABC Payrolls can have an arrangement with SaaS provider to ensure tighter security controls, self-managed off-site storage, encryption and identity management (Edwards, 2008). The issue of scalability and disruptions during upgrades are eliminated. The SaaS provider will ensure all applications database along with client data and services are available without disruptions. ABC Payrolls can completely eliminate the money spent on hardware purchases, and also reduce IT staff which is another cost saving for them. The company will spend money only for the services availed from SaaS cloud provider which is the operating cost. ABC Payrolls prior to moving their data, applications and software to a SaaS must also consider the following points to ensure the migration is successful and their clients are not facing any issue (Tan, Liu, Sun, 2013). This is because usually in cloud migration, companies face multiple challenges. In order to overcome the challenges, ABC Payrolls must consider the following points prior to SaaS migration, Business issues such as data and/or applications lock-in. ABC Payrolls must have proper contracting terms to address interoperability issues. In addition to this the company also has to evaluate risks to their data and applications before migrating to SaaS cloud. Data confidentiality, privilege user access, security and data integrity must be considered before migration. Change management plans. The clients of ABC Payrolls must be supported to operate their data and payroll processes in the changed cloud environment. It will be good to have a disaster recovery plan in case outage or data center problems. ABC Payrolls service level agreements (SLA) must consider the aspects of availability, data back up and business continuity at all times. The report covers the aspects of SaaS cloud migration for the company named ABC Payrolls. Though SaaS cloud model offers many advantages in terms of cost and maintenance, there are many challenges to be considered to ensure payroll services are available to all clients at all times. 3. ABC Payrolls might consider migrating to an IaaS service provider for their services. Thus, they have additionally requested a report on the differences between expanding current infrastructure on premise and adapting cloud infrastructure provided by an IaaS Provider. Your report needs to include the critical points, other than cost, that ABC Payrolls would need to consider in choosing to migrate services to a Cloud. Your report to ABC should be 500-700 words length. ABC payrolls offer payroll services to multiple clients from their internal IT infrastructure. Recently, the companys business is growing and their data has increased significantly. Their existing infrastructure has hardware and resource limitations. Due to business growth, their on-premise IT systems infrastructure needs to be replaced with high capacity systems which will likely incur huge capital expenditure. The company is in urgent need to increase their in-house IT structure, but is facing the following challenges, Unable to provision extra resources like storage, bandwidth and compute capacities to efficiently provide services to new clients Problems with scaling dynamically, because when new hardware is installed, the company faces service disruptions which are not well accepted by their clients. Infrastructure maintenance costs are high and hardware becomes obsolete quickly. High costs in testing new software features, and implementing costs are incurred by the company. Hardware purchased becomes redundant which is wastage for the company. Therefore, in order to overcome these problems, ABC Payrolls can consider availing infrastructure services from a cloud provider. IaaS service model provides infrastructure services to organizations according to their needs. The pay-as-you-go model in IaaS cloud is an affordable option for organizations that are facing high costs in hardware and maintenance (Douglas, 2010). IaaS cloud offers servers, network, storage and others to include back up, disaster recovery and maintenance. IaaS offers complete scalability and flexibility because resources can be provisioned when needed and returned back when not needed (Bhardwaj, Jain, Jain, 2010). This can optimize IT usage for ABC Payrolls. The business benefits derived from migrating to IaaS (Pedia, 2016) for ABC Payrolls include, The focus is on IT. IaaS will ease the challenge of maintaining and managing their on-premise infrastructure. The resources are managed and provisioned by the cloud provider. ABC Payrolls can focus more on their payroll services instead of any concerns with their infrastructure. Continuous availability: Cloud IaaS offers infrastructure without any breakdowns due to hardware failure or during hardware and component upgrades. Scalable and elastic: The hardware needs such as storage, network bandwidth, servers, etc. can be provisioned instantly by ABC Payrolls during peak loads. At the same time the resources can be returned back during normal load. Cost benefit: The pay as you go model will ensure costs incurred for availing any infrastructure is billed only for the resource usage for that period. This can save costs for ABC Payrolls and eliminate the problem of redundant hardware. Further the company will fully eliminate capital costs for new hardware with IaaS. Further IaaS ensures availability and other utility services. ABC Payrolls must also consider the following points before moving to IaaS, A thorough review of buying criteria for long term business benefits. Here ABC Payroll can short list their needs to check their relevance with the IaaS provider offers. Estimate current capacities. This will help ABC Payrolls to use the appropriate amount of resources in IaaS. This will optimize their cost. ABC Payrolls can determine the type of services that can be managed by them. These services must be available with the IaaS provider. The reputation and reliability of IaaS provider must be considered. The company must ensure technical support and assistance without any added fee or charge. By migrating to IaaS the company must ensure their IT processes can streamlined and have better control and more automation. This can be done by understanding IaaS cloud API and integration options. Ensure adequate service agreements related to security, downtime, business continuity, resiliency, scalability, etc. Migrating to IaaS (Fougere, 2015) is an important decision for ABC Payrolls. The company must ensure adequate planning to match internal needs with IaaS. References Bhardwaj, S., Jain, L., Jain, S. (2010). Cloud computing: A study of Infrastructure as a service. International Journal of Engineering and Information Technology , 2, 60-63. Douglas, K. B. (2010). Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Retrieved August 22, 2016, from Service Architecture: https://www.service-architecture.com/articles/cloud-computing/infrastructure_as_a_service_iaas.html Fougere, R. (2015). 7 Important considerations when buying IaaS. Retrieved August 23, 2016, from CARTIKA Web Enabling Business: https://www.cartika.com/blog/buying-iaas/ Pedia, T. R. (2016). Top 10 Benefits of IaaS. Retrieved August 23, 2016, from Top 10 Benefits of IaaS: https://www.theresearchpedia.com/research-articles/top-benefits-of-iaas Edwards, C. (2008, May). Legal Download 2.0 - Advantages and Risks of Software-as-a-Service . Retrieved August 22, 2016, from ITP.net: https://www.itp.net/518351-legal-download-20-advantages-and-risks-of-software-as-a-service ENISA. (2009). Survey: An SME perspective on Cloud Computing. European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA). Tan, C., Liu, K., Sun, L. (2013). A design of evaluation method for SaaS in cloud computing. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management , 6 (1), 1-12. Aljabre, A. (2012). Cloud Computing for Increased Business Value. International Journal of Business and Social Science , 3 (1), 234-240. Marston, S., Li, Z., Bandyopadhyay, S., Zhang, J., Ghalsasi, A. (2011). Cloud computing The business perspective. Decision Support Systems , 51, 178-190. Roehrig, P. (2009). New Market Pressures Will Drive Next-Generation IT Services Outsourcing. Forrester Research Inc.